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Joseph Emerson Worcester
Joseph Emerson Worcester (August 24, 1784 – October 27, 1865) was an American lexicographer who was the chief competitor to Noah Webster of ''Webster's Dictionary'' in the mid-nineteenth-century. Their rivalry became known as the "dictionary wars". Worcester's dictionaries focused on traditional pronunciation and spelling, unlike Noah Webster's attempts to Americanize words. Worcester was respected by American writers and his dictionary maintained a strong hold on the American marketplace until a later, posthumous version of Webster's book appeared in 1864. After Worcester's death in 1865, their war ended.
==Biography==
Worcester was born August 24, 1784, in Bedford, New Hampshire, and worked on a farm in his youth, entering Phillips Academy, Andover, in 1805. In 1809, he entered Yale University and graduated in two years. He began a school in Salem, Massachusetts in March 1812, but gave up on the project by 1815.〔Moore, Margaret B. ''The Salem World of Nathaniel Hawthorne''. University of Missouri Press, 1998: 80. ISBN 0-8262-1149-6〕 One of his students had been a young Nathaniel Hawthorne;〔Meltzer, Milton. ''Nathaniel Hawthorne: A Biography''. Twenty-First Century Books, 2006: 22. ISBN 978-0-7613-3459-0〕 Worcester tutored Hawthorne privately at the boy's home.〔Wineapple, Brenda. ''Hawthorne: A Life''. New York: Random House, 2004: 27. ISBN 0-8129-7291-0〕 During this time, Worcester worked on several works on geography, including ''A Geographical Dictionary, or Universal Gazetteer, Ancient and Modern'', which was published in 1817. He wrote a much-used textbook, ''Elements of History, Ancient and Modern, accompanied by an Historical Atlas'', published in 1827.
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